New Global Patterns 1800-1915

The first president of Mexico who was of indigenous origin. Benito Juarez. He was a reformer who helped modernize Mexico and defend its sovereignty in the mid-19th century.

A type of personalist leader wielding military and political power. Caudillo. A caudillo is a military or political leader who exercises strong, authoritarian control in Latin American countries.

A union of sovereign groups or states, united for purposes of common action confederation. A confederation is a group of states or nations that join together for common goals while maintaining their independence.

The pledge of a person's services as security for a debt or other obligation. Debt peonage. In history, debt peonage was a system where workers were trapped into labor to repay loans, often leading to exploitation.

A formal deliberative assembly. Diet. A diet is a historical legislative assembly or meeting, particularly in medieval and early modern Europe, such as the Diet of Worms or the Imperial Diet of the Holy Roman Empire.

A self-governing autonomous state within the British Empire. Dominion. In historical terms, a dominion was a semi-independent polity under the British Crown, like Canada or Australia.

A grouping of French colonial territories in Southeast Asia. French Indochina. French Indochina was a region in Southeast Asia controlled by France from the late 19th to mid-20th century.

The policy of supporting the expression of the culture of a single ethnic group. Homogeneous society. A homogeneous society is one where most of the people share the same ethnicity, language, or cultural traditions.

Ethnic groups who are the original or earliest known inhabitants of an area. Indigenous. Indigenous people are the first known communities to live in a region before any colonization or settlement by others.

A period of liberal reforms in the history of Mexico beginning in 1855. La Reforma. La Reforma was a series of changes aimed at reducing the power of the church and military while promoting individual rights and freedoms.

The indigenous Polynesian people of mainland New Zealand. Maori. The Maori are the original inhabitants of New Zealand, arriving around the 13th century from Polynesia.

A Commodore of the United States Navy, Matthew Perry. He is known for opening trade between the United States and Japan in the 1850s.

An event that restored practical imperial rule to the Empire of Japan. Meiji Restoration. The Meiji Restoration was a period in Japanese history when the emperor's power was restored, leading to major political, economic, and social changes as Japan modernized rapidly.

The fourth monarch of Siam, Thailand 1851 - 1868. Mongkut. Mongkut was a king known for modernizing Siam and making significant diplomatic efforts to prevent colonial domination.

A United States policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas. Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine is a U.S. policy that warned European countries against establishing new colonies or interfering in the Americas.

An artificial waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic with the Pacific Ocean, opened in 1914. Panama Canal. The Panama Canal is a man-made shortcut for ships between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

A settlement used to hold prisoners and use them for working in a remote location. A penal colony is a place where prisoners are sent to live and work as a form of punishment, often far from their home country.

The last sovereign monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom 1891-1893. Queen Liliuokalani. She was Hawaii's first and only reigning queen before the kingdom was overthrown.

A political ideology that focuses on the interests of a particular region. Regionalism. In history, regionalism is when different areas within a country prioritize their own local interests and culture over national concerns.

Fought between the Russian Empire and Japan over interests in Manchuria and Korea. Russo-Japanese War. This conflict was a major early 20th-century war where Japan defeated Russia, altering the balance of power in East Asia.

A conflict between the China and the Empire of Japan over control of Korea. Sino-Japanese War. The Sino-Japanese War was a battle in 1894-1895 where Japan defeated China to gain influence over Korea.

An armed conflict between Spain and the US over Cuba. Spanish-American War. The Spanish-American War was a brief conflict in 1898 where the United States defeated Spain, leading to the independence of Cuba and US control over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

The capital of Japan, established in 1889. Tokyo. Tokyo is the largest city in Japan and became the imperial capital when the emperor moved there from Kyoto.

An industrial and financial vertically integrated business conglomerates in the Japan. zaibatsu. Zaibatsu were powerful family-run business groups that played a significant role in Japan's economy and industrialization from the Meiji era until the end of World War II.