The Industrial Revolution Begins 1750-1850

A drug used to induce anesthesia, a temporary loss of sensation or awareness. anesthetic. In history, anesthetics revolutionized surgery by allowing pain-free procedures, beginning with the first successful use of ether in 1846.

An assets that can enhance one's power to perform economically useful work. capital. In History, capital refers to resources like money and assets used to produce goods and generate wealth.

A socioeconomic order based upon the ideas of common ownership and the absence of social classes. Communism. In history, communism is a system where all property is owned by the community as a whole, aiming to eliminate class distinctions.

An American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin, Eli Whitney. Eli Whitney invented a machine that revolutionized cotton processing, greatly impacting the American economy and the course of history.

The legal process in England of consolidating small landholdings into larger farms is known as enclosure. Enclosure was a historical movement where common land was fenced off, forcing small farmers and villagers to move to cities for work.

Any activity or enterprise entered into for profit. Enterprise. In history, enterprise refers to ambitious ventures or projects, typically in business or exploration, that seek to achieve significant goals or profits.

Someone who designs, launches, and runs a new business entrepreneurs. Throughout history, entrepreneurs have been innovators who drive economic growth by creating new products and services.

A Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer who improved the steam engine James Watt. James Watt was a key figure in the Industrial Revolution because his enhancements to the steam engine greatly boosted industrial productivity.

An English philosopher, jurist, and social reformer. Jeremy Bentham. He is known for founding the theory of utilitarianism, which suggests that the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness.

A German philosopher, political theorist and socialist revolutionary. Karl Marx is known for developing the theories of Marxism, advocating for a classless society.

An organization of workers who join together to negotiate pay, working conditions, etc., is known as a labor union. In history, labor unions are groups that workers formed to improve their jobs and protect their rights.

A city in England, as a major port, it expanded during the Industrial Revolution. Liverpool played a crucial role in global trade and migration during the 18th and 19th centuries.

A city in England, the world's first industrialised city. Manchester. It was a key center during the Industrial Revolution, known for its textile manufacturing.

The materials, tools, and other instruments used by workers to make products are means of production. In history, means of production refers to everything needed to produce goods, like factories and machinery, and who controls them often influences societal power dynamics.

The class of workers in urban areas who work in industry or manufacturing. proletariat. In history, the proletariat refers to the working-class people, especially those who earn a living through manual labor in industrial settings.

A contracted work by an agent to subcontractors who complete the work in off-site facilities. Putting-out system. In History, the putting-out system is a pre-industrial method where goods were produced at home and completed by different workers rather than in a centralized location.

A Welsh textile manufacturer, philanthropist and social reformer. Robert Owen. He is known for pioneering utopian socialism and improving workers' conditions in the 19th century.

A process of applying heat to ore in order to extract a base metal. Smelt. Smelting is an ancient technique used to produce metals like copper and iron from their ores by heating them.

A political philosophy that promotes socialism within a capitalist framework. Social democracy. It is a system where the government uses democratic means to pursue policies that aim to reduce inequality and provide social welfare within a capitalist economy.

Characterized by social ownership of the means of production and worker self-management. Socialism. Historically, socialism is an economic and political system where the community or state manages resources and production for equal benefit to all citizens.

A multi-occupancy building, adapted or built for the working class. Tenements were typically overcrowded apartment buildings in urban areas where many immigrants lived during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

An English cleric, scholar and influential economist, Thomas Malthus. He is known for his idea that population growth could outpace food production, leading to societal challenges.

A type of gate frame. Turnpike. Historically, a turnpike is a type of toll road where travelers had to pay a fee to use it.

Population shift from rural areas to urban areas. Urbanization. Urbanization is the process where more people move to cities, leading to city growth and development.

A theory in philosophy that promotes actions that maximize happiness and well-being. Utilitarianism. Historically, utilitarianism is an idea that suggests the best action is the one that brings the greatest good for the greatest number of people.